On 13-Oct-07, at 12:17 PM, Brad Fuller wrote:
can you tell us more about the Active Book you worked on 20 years ago?
Oh my, most of the old-timers will know that I can go on about that for hours. Days!
OK, try to keep it short tim -
The Active Book was a neat idea (especially for 1988) to make a portable tablet like computer with a digitiser screen, lots of power and a decent user interface. In short, someone's idea of a dynabook. The UI concept was to emulate a book but extend the idiom in the ways that a dynamic system could allow. So, documents were to be on pages and flipping pages would move between docs and the systems running them. No real use for overlapping windows - they were a foreign concept to almost everyone outside a limited world back then. The idea of the book was really to provide a concept of a contained world with logical separation between parts; just like a book has everything between the front and back pages and separated into chapters etc. I suspect it wouldn't really seem so neat these days now that we're all so used to Windows and OSX etc.
The hardware was about the size of a MacBook, a bit thicker since the practical batteries back then were rather large cylinders. It had a whopping great big screen of amazing 640 by 400 resolution, monchrome. There was stylus based digitiser and a panel to one side (can't remember which) that was a finger activated digitiser, intended for 'other input'. I'm pretty sure it was Bill Buxton that convinced them of the usefulness of that idea.
It had an ARM2aS cpu running at 4MHz (maybe 6?) and 1Mb ram for everything - screen memory, fax filing, OS, the lot. Oh and 1Mb ROM too. The ARM was custom designed in-house to extend the basic ARM architecture to allow implementation as a static logic part, meaning we could simply turn off the power and it would sit there until it was time to go again. For cpu history buffs, the ARM 2 series had no cache; none at all. Not even an instruction prefetch queue. It was the first broadly used RISC machine (yes I know about the Sparc) and required whopping great 25,000 transistors worth of silicon. In fact we used to joke about '25,000 transistors and no Gates'. Even the latest ARM cores need barely 50,00 transistors I'm told. Despite the above, the Acorn desktop machines that were on sale back then and using the base ARM2 cpus were several times faster than the hottest intel based boxes of the time.
The OS was a version of Helios (eek, I still have a copy of the Helios manual in my bookshelf!) which I think started out life as TripOS at Cambridge (the real university, not the US) as a multi- processor system using messaging, or something like that. It was wrapped in a unix-like layer to please the unix-weenies.
On top of that was Smalltalk. The VM was derived from EliotMiranda's famous BrouHaHa with a lot of extension for multiple non-contiguous memory spaces, ROMability, survivability, extra prims, blah blah blah. One of the acceptance tests for releases was to use up enough memory to get down to a couple of hundred bytes left and see if it could open a notifier, let the user kill the process and recover to full usefulness. Try doing that in most modern systems.. The image was licensed from ParcPlace, probably through Smalltalk Express though who knows what went on in that particular liaison? A small number of smart people worked on the image to make it do what was needed and some really interesting stuff was written. What really seems amazing to me now is that even with such a puny cpu and tiny amount of memory the UI was very snappy. You could for example draw/ scribble on the screen and produce a drawing (not a bitmp type scribble) that kept up with the scribble. Then choose the eraser and scribble with that to erase *sections* of the lines. I bet they were even the correct sections! Remember, this is a cpu with less power than the one in your keyboard, probably with less memory than in your keyboard, running a fairly simple interpreted Smalltalk VM. You can see why I've always laughed hysterically at people that tried to claim Smalltalk is slow.
Anyway, we worked on this for a couple of years and the prototypes were getting good reviews from early testers. Apple was peripherally involved with the ARM since it had decide the Hobbit/CRISP that had been intended for what became the Newton was no good; around then Acorn, Apple and VTI formed ARM Ltd. Interestingly enough a little company in silicon valley decided to use the Hobbit for their attempt at a tablet; eventually they realised that the Active Book was much better and bought out the owners. And just junked everything. Oh, yes, that was ATT, who had created that dreadful thing called PenPoint and the tablet that ran it. It never went anywhere. I had one for a while. Dreadful; slow as... well about as slow as a lot of modern machines when they haven't enough memory, despite their adverts claiming how it was so fast because of the carefully hand optimised code.
Oh, we should note that in the same time period there was another tablet machine around that happened to be based on Digitalk's Smalltalk; the Momenta.
tim -- tim Rowledge; tim@rowledge.org; http://www.rowledge.org/tim Useful random insult:- IQ = dx / (1 + dx), where x = age.